Structural and Biochemical Studies of the Human DEAD-box Helicase Dbp5 and Nucleoporin Nup214 Involved in mRNA Export
نویسنده
چکیده
The hallmark of eukaryotic evolution was the development of the nucleus in cells. This compartmentalization requires the nucleocytoplasmic transport of thousands of molecules. The gate into and out of the nucleus is the nuclear pore complex (NPC). One of the molecules that needs to be exported from the nucleus is messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA associates with proteins in the nucleus forming a messenger ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP). mRNPs bind to dedicated transport factors that facilitate movement through the NPC. One protein that associates to mRNPs is the helicase Dbp5, which belongs to the DEAD-box family of RNA helicases. Dbp5 is essential for mRNA export in both yeast and humans. It binds RNA and is concentrated and locally activated at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex, where it interacts with the cytoplasmic nucleoporin Nup214. In my PhD work, I have determined the crystal structures of human Dbp5 bound to RNA and AMPPNP, and bound to Nup214. I designed and performed in vitro assays, which show that binding of Dbp5 to nucleic acid and to Nup214 is mutually exclusive. The interactions are mediated by conserved residues, implying a conserved recognition mechanism. These results suggest a framework for the consecutive steps leading to the release of mRNA at the final stages of nuclear export. More generally, they provide a paradigm for how binding of regulators can specifically inhibit DEAD-box proteins. Zusammenfassung Die Entstehung des Zellkerns war eines der wichtigsten Ereignisse in der Entwicklung der eukaryotischen Zelle. Die daraus resultierende Unterteilung der Zelle in Zellkern und Zytoplasma erfordert jedoch den Transport von tausenden von Molekülen in und aus dem Zellkern. Als Schleuse hierfür dient der sogenannte Kernporenkomplex. Eines der Moleküle, welches aus dem Zellkern exportiert werden muss, ist die Boten-RNA (mRNA). mRNAs assozieren mit einer Vielzahl verschiedener Proteine im Zellkern und bilden sog. Boten-Ribonukleoprotein-Partikel (mRNP). mRNPs interagieren mit bestimmten Transportproteinen, welche die Bewegung durch den Kernporenkomplex und dadurch den Export aus dem Zellkern ermöglichen. Eines der Proteine welches mit mRNPs assoziert ist die DEAD-box Helikase Dbp5, welche in Mensch und Hefe essentiell am Kernexport von mRNAs beteiligt ist. Dbp5 bindet RNA und liegt konzentriert auf der cytoplasmatischen Seite des Kernporenkomplexes vor. Hier bindet es an das cytoplasmatischen Nukleoporin Nup214 und wird durch ein weiteres Protein lokal aktiviert. In meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich die Kristallstrukturen des menschlichen Dbp5 im Komplex mit RNA und im Komplex mit Nup214 bestimmt. Zusammen mit in vitro Experimenten konnte ich zeigen, dass RNA und Nup214 die gleiche Bindungstelle benutzen und sich deren gleichzeitige Bindung somit ausschliesst. Die für diese Interaktionen entscheidenden Aminosäuren sind konserviert und implizieren einen ähnlichen Erkennungsmechanismus in Mensch und Hefe. Diese Ergebnisse stellen die Grundlage für ein Modell, indem die letzten Schritte des Kernexportes, welche in der Freigabe der mRNA enden, zusammengefasst sind. Desweiteren liefern diese Ergebnisse wichtige Einblicke in den Regulierungsmechanismen von DEAD-box Helikasen. Publications and Presentations Parts of this PhD thesis have been published: Nat Struct Mol Biol. March 2009 (Feb 15. Epub ahead of print) The mRNA export protein Dbp5 binds RNA and the cytoplasmic nucleoporin Nup214 in a mutually exclusive manner. von Moeller H, Basquin C, Conti E. I presented parts of this thesis at an international conference: Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the RNA Society, Berlin 2008 “Structural insights into the function of the Dbp5 helicase in mRNA export”
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mRNA export from the nucleus depends on the ATPase activity of the DEAD-box protein Dbp5/DDX19. Although Dbp5 has measurable ATPase activity alone, several regulatory factors (e.g., RNA, nucleoporin proteins, and the endogenous small molecule InsP6) modulate catalytic activity in vitro and in vivo to facilitate mRNA export. An analysis of the intrinsic and regulator-activated Dbp5 ATPase cycle ...
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